दिल्ली। दुनिया भर में लोकप्रिय माइक्रोब्लाॅगिंग प्लेटफार्म ट्विटर की मुश्किलें भारत में लगातार बढ़ती जा रही हैं। बहुत साल पहले वर्तमान के प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने अपनी लोकप्रियता इसी प्लेटफार्म के जरिये बढ़ाई। उन्होंने तब देश के विकास में सोश मीडिया का महत्व बताया था। उनके, उनकी पार्टी और सरकार के प्रचार-प्रसार में ट्विटर का बहुत इस्तेमाल किया गया। लेकिन भारत सरकार सहित आरएसएस के लोगों को ट्विटर अब नापसंद हो चला है। उसका पूरा तंत्र अब ट्विटर को बर्बाद करने पर आमादा है। इसके लिए सरकार अपने टूलों ओर कानून, न्यायपालिका सहित हर संभव हथियार का प्रयोग ट्विटर के इस्तेमाल कर रही है।
दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय ने बुधवार को ट्विटर की ओर से दायर हलफनामों पर कड़ी आपत्ति जताते हुए कहा कि उसने मुख्य अनुपालन अधिकारी और शिकायत अधिकारी को आकस्मिक कार्यकर्ता नियुक्त किया है, जो आईटी नियमों की अवहेलना है। ट्विटर का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले वरिष्ठ अधिवक्ता साजन पूवैया ने अदालत के समक्ष कहा कि मुख्य अनुपालन अधिकारी और शिकायत अधिकारी की नियुक्तियों के संबंध में दो हलफनामे दायर किए गए हैं और माइक्रोब्लॉगिंग साइट अब अंतरिम शब्द का उपयोग नहीं करेगी।
दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय में न्यायमूर्ति रेखा पल्ली की एकल पीठ ने नियुक्तियों में आकस्मिक कार्यकर्ता शब्द के इस्तेमाल पर आपत्ति जताते हुए सवाल किया कि यह आकस्मिक कार्यकर्ता शब्द क्या है? इसका क्या अर्थ है? इससे यह आभास होता है कि उसके कर्तव्य कुछ आकस्मिकताओं पर आधारित हैं।
ट्विटर के हलफनामे का हवाला देते हुए, अदालत ने कहा कि यह और भी बुरा है। अदालत ने एक स्पष्ट हलफनामे की मांग की। मुख्य अनुपालन अधिकारी का कहना है कि वह एक कर्मचारी नहीं है और एक आकस्मिक कार्यकर्ता के रूप में लगाया गया है। अदालत ने कहा, यह एक मुख्य अनुपालन अधिकारी है, पद के बारे में कुछ गंभीरता होनी चाहिए। यह अपने आप में नियम के तहत है।
अदालत ने ट्विटर से यह भी सवाल किया कि उसने तीसरे पक्ष के ठेकेदार के माध्यम से नियुक्ति क्यों की, जिसका नाम भी सामने नहीं आया है, क्योंकि उसने टिप्पणी की कि हलफनामा कुल गैर-अनुपालन दिखाता है। आप यहां व्यापार करते हैं, इतना राजस्व कमाते हैं लेकिन नियमों का पालन नहीं करते हैं .. अदालत ने आपको एक लंबी रस्सी दी है। ऐसा नहीं हुआ है। दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालय में न्यायमूर्ति रेखा पल्ली ने कहा, मुझे बताओ। मुझे समझ में नहीं आ रहा है, आप आकस्मिक कह रहे हैं, यह अनुपालन नहीं है।
केंद्र का प्रतिनिधित्व कर रहे अतिरिक्त सॉलिसिटर जनरल चेतन शर्मा ने कहा, यह बारीकियों की शब्दावली और समय की मांग से बार-बार गैर-अनुपालन है। आपका प्रभुत्व सही है, अगर वे अनुपालन करना चाहते हैं, तो पूरे दिल से पालन करें। ट्विटर का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले वरिष्ठ अधिवक्ता साजन पूवैया ने तब अदालत को आश्वासन दिया कि मामले में ट्विटर द्वारा स्पष्ट शब्दों में हलफनामा दायर किया जाएगा।
दोनों पक्षों की दलीलें सुनने के बाद, दिल्ली हाईकोर्ट ने ट्विटर को पहले पारित किए गए आदेशों के संदर्भ में बेहतर हलफनामा दायर करने के लिए अंतिम अवसर के रूप में एक सप्ताह का समय दिया। कोर्ट ने मामले की सुनवाई छह अगस्त तक के लिए स्थगित कर दी।
उच्च न्यायालय अमित आचार्य द्वारा अधिवक्ता आकाश वाजपेयी के माध्यम से ट्विटर इंडिया और ट्विटर इंक द्वारा सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी (मध्यवर्ती दिशानिर्देश और डिजिटल मीडिया आचार संहिता) नियम, 2021 (आईटी नियम, 2021) का पालन न करने के खिलाफ दायर एक याचिका पर सुनवाई कर रहा था।
सरकार के नये नियमों का पालन तो ट्विटर को करना चाहिए। इससे किसी को इनकार नहीं होना चाहिए। लेकिन सरकार और उसके सहयोगी समर्थक ट्विटर को अपना प्रचार टूल या भौंपू बनाना चाहते हैं ट्विटर इससे बच रहा है। करोड़़ों ट्विटर यूजर के अलावा सरकार के लिए भी ट्विटर बहुत काम का है। सरकार की योजनाओं, अभियानों का ट्विटर के माध्यम से खूब प्रचार-प्रसार होता है। सरकार में शामिल और उसके सहयोगी समर्थक ट्विटर की मार्फत अपनी बात कहते हैं। लेकिन सरकार चाहती है कि सरकार की नाकामिया, बदइंतजामियां, आलोचनाएं और सरकार के लिए परेशानी पैदा करने वाली कोई चीज ट्विटर के जरिये प्रसारित न हो। सरकार से नाराज लोग अपने अभियान चलाते हैं तो सरकार को बहुत अखरता है।
मोदी सरकार ने अपनी घटिया नीतियों से देश का आर्थिक, सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक, राजनीतिक रूप से बेड़ा गर्क कर दिया है। जनता काफी बदहाल हो चुकी है। ऐसे में सरकार की नीतियों के दुष्प्रभाव झेल रहे या देश का और जनता का भला चाहने वाले लोग प्रिंट, डिजीटल, इलैक्ट्राॅनिक और दूसरे माध्यमों से अपना विरोध व्यक्त करते हैं। ट्विटर एक बड़ा प्लेटफार्म है। सरकार और उसके सहयोगी समर्थक ट्विटर के जरिये अपनी बात कहते हैं तो विपक्ष, मानवाधिकार कार्यकर्ता, मीडिया के लोग और सामान्य लोग भी ट्विटर के जरिये सरकार उसकी आलोचना करते हैं या तंज कसते हैं या अन्य विषयों पर अपनी बात कहते हैं। कोरोना काल में जब दवा, इलाज, आॅक्सीजन इत्यादि के अभाव में लोग मर रहे थे तब ट्विटर की मार्फत लाखों लोगों को राहत मिली। संकट में फंसे लोग अक्सर ट्विटर के मार्फत मदद मांगते हैं। सरकार चाहती है कि किसी भी तरह उसके काम-काज, नाकामियों, बदमाशियों के बारे में जनता तक बात न पहुंचे लेकिन सरकार और उसके सारे टूल जो भी कहें ट्विटर उस पर कोई कार्रवाई न करे। ट्विटर को यह मंजूर नहीं है। ट्विटर जितना प्रभावी दूसरा कोई माध्यम नहीं है। फेसबुक दूसरे नंबर का प्लेटफार्म है जिसका लोग ज्यादा इस्तेमाल करते हैं। इस पर काफी हद तक सरकार का नियंत्रण है। फेसबुक के अनुसार भारत सरकार ने पिछले साल जुलाई से दिसंबर के बीच करीब 40300 यूजर्स की जानकारी मांगी थी। फिलहाल तो पेगासस के जरिये नागरिकों की जासूसी करने की बात सामने आ रही है।
ट्विटर के सरकार के समक्ष घुटने टेकने से इनकार करने के बाद सरकार कोशिशों में लगी है कि देशी प्लेटफार्म कू को बढ़ावा दिया जाए। इस पर मोदी सरकार के तमाम सहयोगी, समर्थक, कई सरकारी विभागों ने अपने एकाउंट बनाए हुए हैं। कू पर सरकार के टूल या समर्थक झूठ का प्रसार खूब कर रहे हैं। एक से बढ़कर एक जहरीली पोस्ट यहां दिख जाएंगी। आम यूजर कू को पसंद नहीं कर रहा है। ट्विटर की तरह यह आसान और अधिक लोगों तक पहुंच वाला नहीं है।
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Twitter's increasing problems, Delhi High Court gave last chance to improve
New Delhi. The problems of Twitter, a worldwide popular microblogging platform, are increasing continuously in India. Many years ago the current Prime Minister Narendra Modi increased his popularity through this platform. He then told the importance of social media in the development of the country. Twitter was used extensively in the promotion of him, his party and the government. But the people of RSS, including the Government of India, have now disliked Twitter. His entire system is now intent on ruining Twitter. For this, the government is using its tools and every possible weapon including law, judiciary, using Twitter.
The Delhi High Court on Wednesday took strong objection to the affidavits filed by Twitter, saying it has appointed Chief Compliance Officer and Grievance Officer as casual workers, in violation of IT norms. Senior advocate Sajan Poovaiya, representing Twitter, submitted before the court that two affidavits have been filed regarding the appointments of Chief Compliance Officer and Grievance Officer and the microblogging site will no longer use the term interim.
A single bench of Justice Rekha Palli in the Delhi High Court objected to the use of the word casual worker in appointments and asked what is the word casual worker? What does this mean? This gives the impression that his duties are based on some contingencies.
Quoting Twitter's affidavit, the court said it was even worse. The court demanded a clear affidavit. The Chief Compliance Officer states that he is not an employee and is engaged as a casual worker. This is a Chief Compliance Officer, there should be some seriousness about the post, the court said. This in itself is under the rule.
The court also questioned Twitter as to why it made the appointment through a third-party contractor, whose name has also not been revealed, as it remarked that the affidavit shows total non-compliance. You do business here, earn so much revenue but don't follow the rules.. The court has given you a long rope. It hasn't happened. Justice Rekha Palli in Delhi High Court said, Tell me. I do not understand, you are saying accidental, it is not compliant.
Additional Solicitor General Chetan Sharma, representing the Centre, said, "This is a repeated non-compliance with nuanced terminology and the need of the hour. Your lord is right, if they want to comply, obey wholeheartedly. Senior advocate Sajan Poovaiya, representing Twitter, then assured the court that a clear-worded affidavit would be filed by Twitter in the matter.
After hearing the arguments of both the sides, the Delhi High Court gave a week's time to Twitter as the last opportunity to file a better affidavit with reference to the orders passed earlier. The court adjourned the hearing of the case till August 6.
The High Court is hearing a petition filed by Amit Acharya through advocate Akash Bajpayee against non-compliance of Information Technology (Intermediate Guidelines and Digital Media Code of Conduct) Rules, 2021 (IT Rules, 2021) by Twitter India and Twitter Inc. Was.
Twitter should follow the new rules of the government. No one should deny this. But the government and its allied supporters want to make Twitter their propaganda tool or browbeater. Apart from crores of Twitter users, Twitter is also very useful for the government. Government schemes and campaigns are widely publicized through Twitter. Supporters involved in the government and its allies express their views through Twitter. But the government wants that the government's failures, mismanagement, criticism and anything causing trouble to the government should not be broadcast through Twitter. If people who are angry with the government run their campaigns, then the government is very shy.
The Modi government has ruined the country economically, socially and culturally, politically with its poor policies. The people have become very miserable. In such a situation, people facing the ill effects of the policies of the government or wanting the good of the country and the people express their opposition through print, digital, electronic and other mediums. Twitter is a big platform. The government and its allies, supporters express their views through Twitter, then the opposition, human rights activists, media people and common people also criticize or taunt the government through Twitter or express their views on other subjects. During the Corona era, when people were dying due to lack of medicine, treatment, oxygen etc., then millions of people got relief through Twitter. People in distress often ask for help through Twitter. The government wants that the public should not talk about its work, failures, mischief in any way, but whatever the government and all its tools say, Twitter should not take any action on it. Twitter does not approve of this. There is no other medium as effective as Twitter. Facebook is the second number platform that people use more. This is largely controlled by the government. According to Facebook, the Indian government had sought information about 40,300 users between July and December last year. For now, there is talk of spying on civilians through Pegasus.
After Twitter refused to kneel before the government, the government is trying to promote the native platform Ku. On this, all the allies, supporters, many government departments of the Modi government have maintained their accounts. The tools or supporters of the government on Ku are spreading lies a lot. More than one poisonous post will be seen here. Common user is not liking Ku. It's not as simple and accessible as Twitter.
25 February 2021, the Central Government enacted the InformationTechnology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, which cast various obligations on internet intermediaries, and in particular, on social media platforms. It was reported that social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter were yet to comply with their obligations under the 2021 Rules. This gave rise to an apprehension among users of such websites that these websites could either stop operations or be banned in India for such non-compliance.
Internet intermediaries and protection afforded to them under law Internet intermediaries are entities which perform various functions including facilitation of exchange of information and online communication. For example, Facebook or Twitter are internet intermediaries.
A user registered on Facebook can share information with his connections without the same being edited by Facebook in any manner. This passive role adopted by Facebook is what in essence enables it to be classified as an intermediary.
Under Section 79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000, intermediaries are granted protection from incurring any liability for third-party data available on their platform or hosted by them. This protection is essential as various intermediaries such as Facebook, Twitter or YouTube do not monitor the content posted by third-party users on their platforms.
However, if any such content uploaded by a third-party user is in violation of any law, the intermediary does not incur any liability for such information.
Imagine a situation where a third-party user posts defamatory or obscene content on Facebook. Now, if Facebook were to be held liable for such a post, it would necessarily mean that Facebook as a passive platform enabling online communication is required to first scrutinise the content being uploaded on its platform. This not only goes against their model of operation but would also hamper free flow ofinformation. This could also result in censorship of information where legitimate content may be taken down on an apprehension, resulting in third-party users’ freedom of speech and expression being stifled.
Section79, which is recognised as a safe harbour provision, enables intermediaries to function freely without having any such obligation to monitor the content before it is uploaded. However, the protection offered to intermediaries under Section 79 is conditional. One of the conditions prescribed under Section 79 is that an intermediary is required to observe due diligence while discharging its duties and observe guidelines made by the Central Government in this regard.
Now, the term ‘due diligence’ is not defined under the InformationTechnology Act, 2000. Neither does the Act prescribe what are the standards of due diligence required to be followed by intermediaries. This is where the guidelines framed by the Central Government come in.
Information Technology (Intermediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011 Prior to the current 2021 rules, the 2011 Rules laid down the standards of due diligence required to be observed by intermediaries. The 2011 Rules required intermediaries to publish rules and regulations, privacy policy and user agreements which would enjoin each user not to post information which would contravene any law in force. These rules also required intermediaries to disable access or remove information which is unlawful upon receiving actual knowledge of the same.
The Supreme Court in Shreya Singhal versus Union of India read down the requirement of actual knowledge of an intermediary to mean knowledge of a court order directing it to disable access or remove such information.
Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 The 2021 Rules supersede the 2011 Rules. In these rules, the requirementof publication of rules and regulations, privacy policy and user agreements which stipulate that no user shall post information which would contravene any law in force has been retained. The Supreme Court’s decision in Shreya Singhal versus Union of India on the point of actual knowledge has now been embodied in the rules.
The 2021 Rules also now permit the intermediaries to take down any unlawful information on a voluntary basis and such voluntary removal would not affect the protection afforded to them under Section 79 of the InformationTechnology Act.
In addition to these general requirements, the 2021 Rules lay down additional due diligence requirements to be observed by “significant social media intermediaries”.
Any intermediary who primarily or solely enables online interaction between two or more users and allows them to create, upload, share, disseminate, modify or access information using its services and has more than 50 lakh registered users is classified as a significant social media intermediary. Thus, all popular social networking platforms such as Whatsapp, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter would be required to observe these additional due diligence requirements.
These intermediaries were given a three-month timeline for ensuring compliance of these rules. Each significant social media intermediary is required to establish a grievance redressal mechanism and appoint three officers, viz, a Chief Compliance Officer who shall be responsible for compliance of the Information Technology Act and the rules framed there under, a Nodal Contact Person who shall be responsible for communication with law enforcement agencies and a Resident Grievance Officer who shall be responsible for the grievance redressal mechanism.
All these officers are required to be residents of India. Another obligation cast upon these intermediaries is to enable identification of the ‘first originator’ of any information on its platform. An order directing an intermediary to identify the first originator can only be passed for prevention, detecting, investigating or prosecuting any offence relating to the sovereignty or integrity of India, its security and relations with other countries, public order and in relation to information depicting rape or sexually explicit material or child sexual abuse material.
It is reported that Whatsapp, which provides end to end encrypted messaging services, has approached the Delhi High Court challenging this particular provision on the ground that it violates the right to privacy guaranteed under the Indian Constitution.
So far, none of the major international social networking platforms have complied with these requirements. Facebook has released a statement that it aims to comply with the 2021 Rules and was in discussion with the government on certain issues.
The Central Government has by a letter addressed to these intermediaries sought an update as to whether the 2021 Rules have been complied with.
What happens if the intermediaries do not comply? Under Rule 7 of the 2021 Rules, if an intermediary fails to observe any of the rules laid down, it loses protection afforded to it by Section 79 of the Information Technology Act. Simply put, this would mean that an intermediary like Facebook or Twitter would be open for liability if a third-party user posts unlawful content on their platforms.
If publication of such information amounts to an offence, the intermediaries hosting such information would also be punishable under the relevant law in the absence of the protection afforded under Section 79. Thus, non-compliance of the 2021 Rules would expose the intermediaries to significant liability. It is unlikely that they would be banned from operating in India for such non-compliance. It may, however, render their operations non-viable as they may then be required to proactively monitor information uploaded on its platform so as to avoid incurring liability.
Only time will tell what course of action these intermediaries adopt. In the meantime, one can only hope that for the sake of millions of people using these platforms, the enactment of the 2021 Rules will not affect the way these platforms operate
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